Mitocholine increases level of ATP in neurons and astrocytes. Subsequently, these cells were protected against energy deprivation during ischemia or glutamate excitotoxicity.

Mitocholine improved memory and learning in a set of animal models of cognitive deficits. Insulin-like effect.

Mitocholine exhibits antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects (i.e. enhances mood). Insulin-like effect.

Mitocholine improves insulin receptor autophosphorylation with response to low suboptimal insulin dose. Insulin-like effect.

Mitocholine increases the enzyme activity in brains. Note, ChAT is responsible for acetylcholine biosynthesis from choline in the brain. Insulin-like effect.

Mitocholine increases phosphorylation (i.e. inactivation) of GSK-3β. Note, overactive GSK-3β is central to dementia and mental disorders. Insulin-like effect.

Up-regulation of genes which encode synaptic plasticity in old animals following Mitocholine supplementation: Arc, Sgk1, Vgf, etc. Insulin-like effect.

Mitocholine increases hippocampal expression of IGF2, a factor critical for neurogenesis induction through IR-A activation. Choline-like effect.